Research Index
118 research papers indexed. Browse clinical trials and research papers by peptide.
Peptide Research Library — Indexed Clinical Studies & Publications
The PepsReview research library is a curated index of peer-reviewed scientific publications and clinical trials covering the most studied peptides in therapeutic research. Our index includes papers on GLP-1 receptor agonists like tirzepatide, semaglutide, and retatrutide; healing peptides like BPC-157 and TB-500; growth hormone secretagogues including ipamorelin and CJC-1295; and emerging compounds in anti-aging, immune support, and metabolic health. Each entry includes the paper title, journal, publication year, citation count, study type, and a summary of key findings.
Researchers use our library to quickly locate evidence supporting specific peptide applications, compare study designs, and track the progression of clinical research across compounds. Where available, we link directly to the original publication and provide DOI references for academic citation. Our research papers are categorized by peptide, allowing you to browse all studies for a specific compound in one place.
What's Indexed
- Clinical Trials: Phase I-IV human trials reporting efficacy, safety, and dosing data for peptide therapeutics.
- Preclinical Studies: Animal model studies investigating peptide mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology.
- Review Articles: Meta-analyses and systematic reviews synthesizing evidence across multiple studies.
- Case Reports: Clinical observations and adverse event documentation from real-world use.
Currently, 118 research papers are indexed. New papers are added weekly as they are published. Click any paper below to view its full abstract, key findings, and study design details.
Treatment of growth-hormone deficiency with growth-hormone-releasing hormone
GHRH(1-29)NH2 increased height velocity in 12 of 18 GH-deficient children, with 8 showing sustained worthwhile response over 6-18 months of twice-daily injections.
Wilding et al. 2021 — STEP 1: Semaglutide for Obesity
Once-weekly semaglutide 2.4mg achieved 14.9% weight loss over 68 weeks vs 2.4% placebo in adults with obesity; 69.1% achieved >=10% weight loss.
Efficacy of Liraglutide for Weight Loss Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: The SCALE Diabetes Randomized Clinical Trial
SCALE Diabetes trial: liraglutide 3.0mg achieved significant weight loss in adults with type 2 diabetes and overweight/obesity compared to placebo.
A Randomized, Controlled Trial of 3.0 mg of Liraglutide in Weight Management
Randomized controlled trial of liraglutide 3.0mg for weight management, demonstrating efficacy for sustained weight loss in adults with overweight or obesity.
Ryan et al. 2023 — SELECT: Cardiovascular Outcomes
Semaglutide 2.4mg reduced major adverse cardiovascular events by 20% over 39 months in 17,604 obese patients with established cardiovascular disease.
Garvey et al. 2022 — STEP 5: Sustained Weight Loss
Semaglutide 2.4mg maintained sustained 15.2% weight loss over 104 weeks in adults with obesity, confirming long-term efficacy and safety profile.
Growth hormone releasing hormone
Review of GHRH: a 44-residue peptide that specifically increases circulating GH across species and may promote long-term growth, with ~70% human-rat homology.
Healthy Weight Loss Maintenance with Exercise, Liraglutide, or Both Combined
After 8-week low-calorie diet, liraglutide plus exercise maintained weight loss best over 1 year compared to either intervention alone in adults with obesity.
Regulation of growth hormone secretion by the growth hormone releasing hexapeptide (GHRP-6)
Study investigating GHRP-6's role in regulating growth hormone secretion, examining mechanisms by which this hexapeptide modulates pituitary GH release.
Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity
SURMOUNT-1: In 2,539 adults with obesity, once-weekly tirzepatide (GIP/GLP-1 dual agonist) achieved substantial sustained weight loss over 72 weeks.
Effect of Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Daily Liraglutide on Body Weight in Adults With Overweight or Obesity Without Diabetes: The STEP 8 Randomized Clinical Trial
STEP 8 trial: once-weekly semaglutide 2.4mg produced greater weight loss than daily liraglutide 3.0mg over 68 weeks in adults with overweight or obesity.
Growth hormone releasing hexapeptide-6 (GHRP-6) test in the diagnosis of GH-deficiency
GHRP-6 testing showed lower GH responses in GH-deficient children vs normal children, but with considerable overlap between groups, limiting diagnostic specificity.
Growth hormone responses to GH-releasing peptide (GHRP-6) in hypothyroidism
Study investigating growth hormone responses to GHRP-6 in hypothyroidism, examining how thyroid status affects GH secretagogue-stimulated hormone release.
Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue
Ipamorelin identified as a potent pentapeptide GH secretagogue with high GH-releasing efficacy in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating selectivity for GH secretion.
Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in rats
Ipamorelin dose-dependently increased longitudinal bone growth rate (from 42 to 52 microm/day) and body weight in adult female rats over 15 days of treatment.
Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers
Ipamorelin showed dose-proportional pharmacokinetics with 2-hour half-life and stimulated GH release peaking at 0.67 hours in healthy male volunteers.
Sermorelin: a review of its use in the diagnosis and treatment of children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency
Sermorelin (29-amino-acid GHRH analog) effectively stimulates GH secretion and serves as a rapid, specific diagnostic test for growth hormone deficiency in children.
The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta(3)-AR knock-out mice
AOD9604 (GH lipolytic fragment) reduced body weight and body fat in obese mice after 14 days, increasing beta(3)-adrenergic receptor expression in fat cells.
Highly potent growth hormone secretagogues: hybrids of NN703 and ipamorelin
Study developing hybrid compounds of NN703 and ipamorelin as highly potent growth hormone secretagogues with enhanced GH-releasing pharmacological properties.
Thymosin alpha-1
A pharmacy-journal review of thymosin alpha-1, an immune-modulating peptide approved in some countries as an adjunct for hepatitis B and as an immune adjuvant. Covers its mechanism, dosing used in clinical settings, and the evidence base behind its off-label immune-support use.
Peptides and Ageing
A 2002 review of pineal peptides and aging, including the Khavinson group's tetrapeptide work. A good map of how the Russian bioregulator peptide field developed and why short peptides like Epithalon and Thymogen got studied for longevity.
Gene expression in response to muscle stretch
A 2002 gene-expression study of muscle stretch responses — foundational for how mechanical load triggers local growth factor signalling. Historically important for MGF discovery and exercise-physiology research.
Epithalon peptide induces telomerase activity and telomere elongation in human somatic cells
A foundational lab study reporting that Epithalon induces telomerase activity and lengthens telomeres in human cell cultures. The often-cited basis for Epithalon's anti-aging reputation — with the important caveat that it is in-vitro data, not clinical proof in humans.
Dissection of the anti-inflammatory effect of the core and C-terminal (KPV) alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptides
A structure-activity study dissecting which parts of alpha-MSH fragments carry anti-inflammatory signalling. Useful for understanding why KPV became a popular topical-research peptide and what the Lys-Pro-Val sequence actually does.
Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity - A Phase 2 Trial
Phase 2 trial of retatrutide (GLP-1/GIP/glucagon triple agonist) in adults with obesity demonstrated dose-dependent weight loss and acceptable safety profile.
AOD-9604 Metabolic
Metabolic Pharmaceuticals developed AOD-9604 for obesity treatment, with Phase IIa trials underway as of 2002 for this lipolytic peptide fragment of human GH.
Pralmorelin: GHRP 2, GPA 748, growth hormone-releasing peptide 2, KP-102 D, KP-102 LN, KP-102D, KP-102LN
Pralmorelin (GHRP-2) is an orally active synthetic growth hormone-releasing peptide that mimics ghrelin, regulating GH release, bone/muscle growth, and food intake.
alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, MSH 11-13 KPV and adrenocorticotropic hormone signalling in human keratinocyte cells
A review of alpha-MSH-derived fragments — including the KPV tripeptide — and their anti-inflammatory effects. Explains how a tiny C-terminal fragment keeps the parent hormone's anti-inflammatory activity while losing pigmentation effects.
PT-141 Palatin
Palatin developed PT-141 (bremelanotide) as a nasal spray for erectile dysfunction and female sexual dysfunction, completing Phase IIb trials with Phase III planned.
Growth hormone releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2), like ghrelin, increases food intake in healthy men
Study showing GHRP-2, like ghrelin, increases food intake in healthy men, demonstrating orexigenic effects through growth hormone secretagogue receptor activation.
Obesity drugs in clinical development
Review of anti-obesity drugs in clinical development including centrally-acting agents, peripheral satiety signal targets like GLP-1, and other weight loss mechanisms.
Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults
CJC-1295, a long-acting GHRH analog, prolonged GH and IGF-1 secretion in healthy adults across two randomized placebo-controlled dose-escalation trials (28 and 49 days).
Sermorelin: a better approach to management of adult-onset growth hormone insufficiency?
Study examining sermorelin as a potential approach for managing adult-onset growth hormone insufficiency, comparing efficacy to conventional GH replacement therapy.
Effect of the synthetic pineal peptide epitalon on spontaneous carcinogenesis in female C3H/He mice
An animal carcinogenesis study where Epitalon slowed spontaneous tumour development in rats. Interesting gerontology data, though small and animal-only — the kind of evidence vendors sometimes over-quote as if it were human clinical data.
An effect on the subjective sexual response in premenopausal women with sexual arousal disorder by bremelanotide (PT-141), a melanocortin receptor agonist
Study investigating bremelanotide (PT-141), a melanocortin receptor agonist, for improving subjective sexual response in premenopausal women with sexual arousal disorder.
Activation of the GH/IGF-1 axis by CJC-1295, a long-acting GHRH analog, results in serum protein profile changes in normal adult subjects
CJC-1295 activation of the GH/IGF-1 axis in healthy adults resulted in measurable serum protein profile changes, supporting its growth hormone secretagogue effects.
Identification of CJC-1295, a growth-hormone-releasing peptide, in an unknown pharmaceutical preparation
Norwegian police/customs analysis identified CJC-1295 (29-amino-acid GHRH analog) in an unknown pharmaceutical preparation using mass spectrometry.
Terminal signal: anti-inflammatory effects of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone related peptides beyond the pharmacophore
A review of terminal anti-inflammatory signalling by alpha-MSH-derived peptides, with emphasis on how KPV-type sequences turn off cytokine cascades. Connects melanocortin research to practical anti-inflammatory peptide design.
Thymosin alpha 1 for treatment of hepatitis C virus: promise and proof
A review of thymosin alpha-1 in hepatitis C treatment, including its use alongside interferon regimens. Historical interest for understanding how immune modulators were tested as antiviral adjuvants before modern direct-acting antivirals existed.
Tirzepatide for Weight Reduction in Chinese Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-CN Randomized Clinical Trial
SURMOUNT-CN trial: tirzepatide demonstrated efficacy for weight reduction in Chinese adults with obesity or overweight with comorbidities across 29 centers.
Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity
Two phase 3 trials showed tirzepatide reduced obstructive sleep apnea severity and body weight over 52 weeks in adults with moderate-to-severe OSA and obesity.
Glucagon and GLP-1 receptor dual agonist survodutide for obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding phase 2 trial
Phase 2 trial: survodutide (GLP-1/glucagon dual agonist) demonstrated significant weight loss across dose levels in adults with obesity across 12 countries.
The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration
BPC 157 significantly accelerated tendon explant outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration in rat Achilles tendon transection, enhancing tendon healing.
Tesamorelin: a review of its use in the management of HIV-associated lipodystrophy
Tesamorelin is the first and only approved treatment for reducing excess abdominal fat in HIV lipodystrophy, significantly reducing visceral adipose tissue over 26 weeks.
Spotlight on tesamorelin in HIV-associated lipodystrophy
Tesamorelin effectively reduced visceral adipose tissue in two 26-week trials without affecting subcutaneous fat, the only approved treatment for HIV lipodystrophy.
Doping control analysis of TB-500, a synthetic version of an active region of thymosin β₄, in equine urine and plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
Doping control method for detecting TB-500 (synthetic LKKTETQ from thymosin beta-4) in equine urine and plasma by LC-MS, targeting misuse in horse racing.
Synthesis and characterization of the N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4 identified in TB-500, a product suspected to possess doping potential
Characterization of Ac-LKKTETQ (TB-500's active fragment from thymosin beta-4) by HPLC/HRMS, establishing detection methods for anti-doping in competitive sport.
Tesamorelin: a growth hormone-releasing factor analogue for HIV-associated lipodystrophy
Review of tesamorelin, an FDA-approved GHRH analog (2010), for treating HIV-associated lipodystrophy, evaluating efficacy and safety from published literature.
Melanotan II injection resulting in systemic toxicity and rhabdomyolysis
Case report: 39-year-old male developed systemic toxicity, sympathomimetic excess, and rhabdomyolysis after injecting 6mg of melanotan II purchased online for tanning.
Stem cell recovering effect of copper-free GHK in skin
Copper-free GHK increased keratinocyte proliferation and showed stem cell recovering effects in cultured human keratinocytes and skin equivalent models for skincare.
BPC 157 and blood vessels
Study of BPC-157's effects on blood vessels and vascular function, examining its role in angiogenesis and circulatory healing mechanisms in tissue repair.
Melanoma associated with the use of melanotan-II
Case report: a 20-year-old woman developed cutaneous melanoma after melanotan-II self-injections combined with sun bed use, raising significant safety concerns.
Mechano-growth factor peptide, the COOH terminus of unprocessed insulin-like growth factor 1, has no apparent effect on myoblasts or primary muscle stem cells
A structural and functional review of the mechano-growth factor peptide — the COOH-terminal region of unprocessed IGF-1. Explains how exercise-induced splice variants differ from systemic IGF-1 and why that matters for repair research.
Semax, an ACTH4-10 peptide analog with high affinity for copper(II) ion and protective ability against metal induced cell toxicity
A structural study showing how Semax binds copper(II) ions with high affinity, which may explain part of its neuroprotective activity. Useful for understanding how peptide-metal interactions can change biological effect, not just receptor binding alone.
Thymosin alpha-1 treatment in chronic hepatitis B
A review of thymosin alpha-1 in chronic hepatitis B — an indication where the peptide is registered in some countries. Summarises clinical trial data on viral response and immune markers, which is why it remains a reference point for immune-peptide research.
Identification and characterization by LC-UV-MS/MS of melanotan II skin-tanning products sold illegally on the Internet
LC-UV-MS/MS methods developed to identify and quantify melanotan II in injectable tanning products sold illegally online, verifying identity, purity, and impurity levels.
GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration
GHK-Cu accelerates wound healing and skin repair by stimulating collagen turnover, modulating metalloproteinases, and attracting immune and endothelial cells to injury sites.
The role of mechano-growth factor E peptide in the regulation of osteosarcoma
A mechanistic study on mechano-growth factor E peptide and osteoblast regulation. Relevant to bone-remodelling research and to why MGF gets discussed separately from its parent IGF-1.
Tirzepatide for Obesity Treatment and Diabetes Prevention
SURMOUNT-1 trial: tirzepatide showed sustained weight loss over 72 weeks and delayed progression to type 2 diabetes in patients with obesity and prediabetes.
Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity
Phase 3b head-to-head trial comparing tirzepatide vs semaglutide for weight reduction in adults with obesity without type 2 diabetes.
Liraglutide for Children 6 to <12 Years of Age with Obesity - A Randomized Trial
Randomized trial evaluating liraglutide for weight management in children aged 6 to <12 years with obesity, assessing efficacy and safety in pediatric patients.
Survodutide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Adults with Obesity
Phase 3 trial of once-weekly survodutide (GLP-1/glucagon dual agonist) for obesity treatment in adults, building on promising Phase 2 weight loss results.
Netnography of Female Use of the Synthetic Growth Hormone CJC-1295: Pulses and Potions
Netnographic study of female CJC-1295 use via Internet forums, examining motivations for muscle enhancement, fat loss, and youthful skin through 23 discussion threads.
LL-37: Cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide with pleiotropic activity
A broad 2016 review of LL-37 as a pleiotropic host-defence peptide: antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and wound-healing roles. A solid starting reference for anyone researching cathelicidin biology.
Transdermal Iontophoretic Delivery of Lysine-Proline-Valine (KPV) Peptide Across Microporated Human Skin
A delivery study testing transdermal iontophoresis of the KPV peptide. Relevant to research on getting peptides across skin barriers — the central technical challenge for topical peptide studies — and compares formulation approaches.
BPC 157 and Standard Angiogenic Growth Factors. Gastrointestinal Tract Healing, Lessons from Tendon, Ligament, Muscle and Bone Healing
Review examining BPC 157's role in angiogenic healing across gastrointestinal and extragastrointestinal tissues compared to standard growth factors (EGF, FGF, VEGF).
Peptide-based Anxiolytics: The Molecular Aspects of Heptapeptide Selank Biological Activity
Heptapeptide Selank exhibits prolonged anti-anxiety and nootropic effects, with molecular mechanisms distinct from GABA-targeting anxiolytics, avoiding dependence issues.
Thymosin alpha 1 treatment for patients with sepsis
A clinical review on thymosin alpha-1 for sepsis, examining immune-restoring effects in critically ill patients. One of the more serious infection-related indications studied for this peptide in peer-reviewed literature.
Gastric pentadecapeptide body protection compound BPC 157 and its role in accelerating musculoskeletal soft tissue healing
Review of BPC 157 as a feasible therapy for musculoskeletal soft tissue healing and functional restoration, showing promise in animal models for tendon repair.
An immuno polymerase chain reaction screen for the detection of CJC-1295 and other growth-hormone-releasing hormone analogs in equine plasma
Immuno-PCR screen developed for detecting CJC-1295 (long-acting GHRH analog conjugated to plasma proteins) in equine plasma for anti-doping purposes.
Selank, Peptide Analogue of Tuftsin, Protects Against Ethanol-Induced Memory Impairment by Regulating of BDNF Content in the Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex in Rats
Selank (0.3 mg/kg) prevented ethanol-induced memory impairment in rats by regulating BDNF content in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, showing neuroprotective effects.
Effect of Selank on Morphological Parameters of Rat Liver in Chronic Foot-Shock Stress
Study investigating Selank's effects on rat liver morphology under chronic foot-shock stress, examining its potential protective role against stress-induced organ damage.
Elamipretide (SS-31) improves mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic and memory impairment induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice
An animal study where elamipretide improved mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic signalling and memory measures in aged mice. Frequently cited in longevity-research circles as preclinical support for mitochondria-focused interventions — still pre-human.
Design of Antimicrobial Peptides: Progress Made with Human Cathelicidin LL-37
A design-oriented review of antimicrobial peptide engineering using human cathelicidin LL-37 as a template. Covers how researchers derive shorter, more selective peptides from LL-37's sequence — the practical base for synthetic peptide antibiotics.
MGF E peptide improves anterior cruciate ligament repair by inhibiting hypoxia-induced cell apoptosis and accelerating angiogenesis
An orthopaedic animal study where MGF E peptide improved anterior cruciate ligament repair by inhibiting a fibrotic pathway. Frequently cited in peptide-repair discussions since MGF is a splice variant of IGF-1 with tissue-repair emphasis.
Beyond the androgen receptor: the role of growth hormone secretagogues in the modern management of body composition in hypogonadal males
Review of growth hormone secretagogues for body composition management in hypogonadal males, where testosterone therapy alone has inconsistent body composition benefits.
Beyond the androgen receptor: the role of growth hormone secretagogues in the modern management of body composition in hypogonadal males
Review of growth hormone secretagogues for body composition management in hypogonadal males, where obesity and metabolic syndrome complicate testosterone-only therapy.
Functional Connectomic Approach to Studying Selank and Semax Effects
Study of 52 healthy participants assessing effects of anxiolytic Selank and nootropic Semax on whole-brain resting-state functional connectivity in amygdala and DLPFC.
AEDG Peptide (Epitalon) Stimulates Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis during Neurogenesis: Possible Epigenetic Mechanism
Follow-up work from the Anisimov lab showing that Epitalon (AEDG) changes gene expression and protein synthesis in aging animal models. Helps explain proposed mechanisms for pineal peptide research and why the field kept building on the earlier telomerase findings.
Bremelanotide: New Drug Approved for Treating Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
Bremelanotide (Vyleesi), a melanocortin 4 receptor agonist, FDA-approved for treating hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women, showing significant desire improvement.
Ternary Cu(II) Complex with GHK Peptide and Cis-Urocanic Acid as a Potential Physiologically Functional Copper Chelate
Study investigating the ternary Cu(II) complex of GHK peptide with cis-urocanic acid as a potential physiologically functional copper chelate with biological activity.
The potential of GHK as an anti-aging peptide
GHK-Cu promotes skin remodeling, wound healing, and regeneration with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects; serum levels decline from 200 to 80 ng/ml with age.
Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Wound Healing
Review of BPC 157 for wound healing including incisional/excisional wounds, deep burns, diabetic ulcers, and alkali burns, with no reported toxicity.
Semax, synthetic ACTH(4-10) analogue, attenuates behavioural and neurochemical alterations following early-life fluvoxamine exposure in white rats
A 2021 review of how Semax — a synthetic ACTH(4-10) analogue — dampens behavioural and neurochemical stress responses in the brain. Covers its effects on BDNF, serotonin and dopamine systems, and why Russian researchers study it for cognitive and stroke recovery.
Elamipretide (SS-31) treatment attenuates age-associated post-translational modifications of heart proteins
Elamipretide (SS-31) treatment reduces age-related post-translational protein changes in animal models. The study adds mechanistic detail on how a mitochondria-targeted peptide can interact with oxidative stress pathways, complementing the cardiac work on the same compound.
Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in Women: Physiology, Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Clinical overview of hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in women, covering physiology, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment options including melanocortin agonists.
Melanotan II User Experience: A Qualitative Study of Online Discussion Forums
Qualitative study of online forums examining melanotan II use for tanning, revealing motivations, usage patterns, and associated side effects among unregulated users.
Clinical Usefulness of the Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide-2 Test for Hypothalamic-Pituitary Disorder
Study evaluating the clinical usefulness of the GHRP-2 loading test for diagnosing hypothalamic-pituitary disorders and assessing growth hormone deficiency.
Selank, a Peptide Analog of Tuftsin, Attenuates Aversive Signs of Morphine Withdrawal in Rats
Selank (0.3 mg/kg) reduced morphine withdrawal syndrome by 39.6% in rats, attenuating convulsive reactions and ptosis while increasing locomotor activity.
Bremelanotide for Treatment of Female Hypoactive Sexual Desire
Review of bremelanotide for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in women, a condition of persistent deficiency of sexual desire causing significant distress.
The mitochondrially targeted peptide elamipretide (SS-31) improves ADP sensitivity in aged mitochondria by increasing uptake through the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT)
A 2023 paper reporting that elamipretide (SS-31) improves ADP-ribose recycling in mitochondria and supports energy metabolism under stress. Relevant for understanding targeted mitochondrial peptides and how cardiolipin binding is used as a design principle.
LL-37 Triggers Antimicrobial Activity in Human Platelets
A 2023 study showing LL-37 triggers antimicrobial activity in human platelets — an unexpected link between coagulation and innate immunity. Adds to the picture of cathelicidin as a broadly active host-defence peptide rather than a simple antibiotic.
The LL-37 domain: A clue to cathelicidin immunomodulatory response?
A review exploring how the LL-37 structure relates to its immunomodulatory roles. Helps explain why cathelicidin research keeps returning to sequence and folding — the same peptide can kill bacteria, signal receptors, and modulate inflammation.
Attenuated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion during an acute IGF-1 LR3 infusion into fetal sheep does not persist in isolated islets
A study of attenuated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion during acute IGF-1 infusion, probing how growth factors and insulin systems interact. Relevant to research on metabolic cross-talk between IGF-1 and glucose regulation.
Recombinant expression of IGF-1 and LR3 IGF-1 fused with xylanase in Pichia pastoris
A biotechnology paper on recombinant production of IGF-1 and LR3 IGF-1 fused with xylanase in Pichia. Mostly relevant to manufacturing and purity research — how research-grade IGF variants are produced and why batch consistency matters.
Effect of insulin-like growth factor system on luteinising angiogenesis
A study of the insulin-like growth factor system's effect on luteinising angiogenesis in reproductive research. A narrower endocrinology paper, useful for understanding IGF's role beyond muscle growth.
The power of three: Retatrutide's role in modern obesity and diabetes therapy
Retatrutide's triple receptor agonism (GLP-1/GIP/glucagon) achieved significant weight reduction and improved glycemic control across Phase 1-3 clinical trials.
Survodutide for the Treatment of Obesity: Rationale and Design of the SYNCHRONIZE Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial
SYNCHRONIZE-CVOT: Phase 3 cardiovascular safety trial of survodutide (dual GLP-1/glucagon agonist) assessing CV outcomes in adults with obesity and CVD risk.
Simultaneous quantification of TB-500 and its metabolites in in-vitro experiments and rats by UHPLC-Q-Exactive orbitrap MS/MS and their screening by wound healing activities in-vitro
Study quantifying TB-500 (Ac-LKKTETQ) and metabolites by UHPLC-MS/MS, screening wound healing activities including actin binding, angiogenesis, and skin repair in vitro.
The growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a agonists, anamorelin and ipamorelin, inhibit cisplatin-induced weight loss in ferrets: Anamorelin also exhibits anti-emetic effects via a central mechanism
Ghrelin mimetics anamorelin and ipamorelin alleviated cisplatin-induced weight loss in ferrets; anamorelin also exhibited anti-emetic effects via central mechanisms.
Robust growth hormone responses to GH-releasing peptide 2 in adolescents
GHRP-2 produced robust GH responses in adolescents, with higher cut-off peak GH levels than other provocative tests, supporting use as a powerful GH stimulus.
Growth hormone releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6) prevents doxorubicin-induced myocardial and extra-myocardial damages by activating prosurvival mechanisms
GHRP-6 administration concomitant to doxorubicin prevented cardiotoxicity and dilated cardiomyopathy by activating prosurvival mechanisms, offering cardioprotection.
Thymosin Alpha 1 Plus Routine Treatment for the Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
This systematic review was conducted to assess the curative effect of Thymosin alpha 1 in the acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) patients.. Six electronic databases including EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database, Chinese Biomedical Database, and Wanfang Database were searched for eligible papers focusing on the.
Bes 1992 — DSIP in Chronic Insomniac Patients
Double-blind placebo-controlled study of DSIP in chronic insomnia patients showing improved sleep quality.
Bes 1992 — DSIP Effects on Sleep in Chronic Insomnia
Study demonstrating DSIP's sleep-promoting effects in patients with chronic insomnia.
Retatrutide-A Game Changer in Obesity Pharmacotherapy
Review highlights retatrutide's triple agonist mechanism (GLP-1/GIP/glucagon) producing significant weight loss and improved glycemic control in clinical trials.
Growth hormone-releasing peptide 6 (GHRP-6) hydrogel for acute kidney injury therapy via metabolic regulation
GHRP-6 hydrogel targets metabolic reprogramming of renal tubular epithelial cells to promote recovery and prevent fibrosis after acute kidney injury.
Semax peptide targets the μ opioid receptor gene Oprm1 to promote deubiquitination and functional recovery after spinal cord injury in female mice
Lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) is exacerbated following spinal cord injury (SCI), leading to increased neuronal cell death.. Ubiquitination may affect LMP by regulating the stability and functionality of lysosomal membranes.. Semax, a synthetic heptapeptide, comprising the ACTH (4-7) fragment and a C-terminal Pro-Gly-Pro tripeptide, exhibits neuroprotective properties and improves.
The Potential of the Peptide Drug Semax and Its Derivative for Correcting Pathological Impairments in the Animal Model of Alzheimer's Disease
Alzheimer's disease, first described over a century ago, is currently among the most common neurodegenerative diseases whose significance is increasingly growing with the aging of populations.. Throughout the entire period of its study, no remedies have been found that would be effective in treating - or at least significantly slowing - the pathological process, while being sufficiently safe.. In.
Semax, a Copper Chelator Peptide, Decreases the Cu(II)-Catalyzed ROS Production and Cytotoxicity of aβ by Metal Ion Stripping and Redox Silencing
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder associated with cognitive decline and loss of memory.. It is postulated that the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Fenton-like reaction connected with Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox cycling of the Cu(II)-aβ complex can play a key role in the molecular mechanism of neurotoxicity in AD.. Semax.
Overview of Epitalon-Highly Bioactive Pineal Tetrapeptide with Promising Properties
Epitalon, also known as Epithalon or Epithalone, is a tetrapeptide, Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly (AEDG), which was synthesized based on the amino acids composition of Epithalamin, a bovine pineal gland extract, prior to its discovery in pineal gland polypeptide complex solution.. During the last 25 years, this compound has been extensively studied using in vitro, in vivo, and in silico methods.. The results.
SS-31@Fer-1 Alleviates ferroptosis in hypoxia/reoxygenation cardiomyocytes via mitochondrial targeting
Targeting mitochondrial ferroptosis presents a promising strategy for mitigating myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury.. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the mitochondrial-targeted ferroptosis inhibitor SS-31@Fer-1 (elamipretide@ferrostatin1) in reducing myocardial I/R injury.. SS-31@Fer-1 was synthesized and applied to H9C2 cells subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) to.
Lysine-Proline-Valine peptide mitigates fine dust-induced keratinocyte apoptosis and inflammation by regulating oxidative stress and modulating the MAPK/NF-κB pathway
Airborne particulate matter (PM) poses a major environmental risk that impairs skin health by triggering oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death.. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of Lysine-Proline-Valine (KPV)-an endogenous peptide derived from α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-against oxidative damage and inflammation induced by fine PM (PM10) in human HaCaT.
Antimicrobial Peptides of the Cathelicidin Family: Focus on LL-37 and Its Modifications
Cathelicidins are a family of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with broad-spectrum activity and immunomodulatory functions.. Among them, the only human cathelicidin LL-37 has garnered significant interest due to its potent antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic, and antitumor properties.. However, the clinical application of LL-37 is hindered by several limitations, including low.
IGF-1 LR3 does not promote growth in late-gestation growth-restricted fetal sheep
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin are important fetal anabolic hormones.. Complications of pregnancy, such as placental insufficiency, can lead to fetal growth restriction (FGR) with low-circulating IGF-1 and insulin concentrations and attenuated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), which likely contribute to neonatal glucose dysregulation.. We previously demonstrated that.
Intranasal long R3 insulin-like growth factor-1 treatment promotes amyloid plaque remodeling in cerebral cortex but fails to preserve cognitive function in male 5XFAD mice
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) promotes neurogenesis, cell survival, and glial function, making it a promising candidate therapy in Alzheimer's disease (AD).. Long arginine 3-IGF-1 (LR3-IGF-1) is a potent IGF-1 analogue.. We sought to determine whether intranasal (IN) LR3 treatment would delay cognitive decline and pathology in 5XFAD mice.
Melanotan II nasal spray: a possible risk factor for oral mucosal malignant melanoma?
Case study investigating melanotan II nasal spray as a possible risk factor for oral mucosal malignant melanoma, raising concerns about unregulated peptide use.
Are We Ready to Measure Skin Permeation of Modern Antiaging GHK-Cu Tripeptide Encapsulated in Liposomes?
Review examining liposomal encapsulation of GHK-Cu tripeptide to improve skin permeation for anti-aging benefits, addressing limitations of direct topical application.